If you aren't wedded to FIRMATA, this is a standard config. Just use MQTT to carry the data, libraries ready-made for both MQTT and i2c. Seriously, I hate C/C++ but you hardly have to write any code to get a decent sensor platform.
Of course, if you were prepared to consider ESP8266 or ESP32, then you don't need any code at all since there are several really good firmwares that will do the job.
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