Extracting part of the data from JSON payload, perform calcs and combine them back

Try this function

let device = msg.payload.device;
msg.payload = {
       "cisnienie" : msg.payload.pressure,
       "temperatura" : msg.payload.temperature,
       "wilgotnosc" : msg.payload.humidity,
       "napieceie_sieciowe" : msg.payload.voltage,
       "pobor_pradu" : msg.payload.current,
       "moc_pobierana" : msg.payload.power,
       "licznik_energii" : msg.payload.energy,
       "czestotliwosc" : msg.payload.frequency,
       "PF" : msg.payload.power_factor,
       "czujnik_gazu" : msg.payload.methane,
       "ADC": msg.payload.ADC}

for (let i = 0; i < msg.payload.ADC.length; i++){
    let R = Number(msg.payload.ADC[i]);
    if (R >= 0){
        msg.payload[`kanal${(i+1)}`] = (1 / ( (1/298.15) + (1/3950) * Math.log(R/1000) ))-273.15;
    }
}
delete msg.payload.ADC;
msg.payload = [msg.payload, {"ID_urzadzenia" : device, "lokalizacja": "kotlownia"}];
return msg;