I wonder if it is something odd about your particular timezone in combination with those nodes. There is certainly something odd going on. Unfortunately I haven't got a free system that I can configure with your timezone.
Having looked briefly at the code it appears to be converting it to a string in the server (rather than in the browser, which is more usual). It is using Date.toLocaleTimeString() so my guess is that nodejs 18 has a problem with toLocaleTimeString() in your timezone.
What does this flow show?
[{"id":"86dc1563d60cbd4d","type":"inject","z":"997da33a0beedade","name":"","props":[{"p":"payload"},{"p":"topic","vt":"str"}],"repeat":"","crontab":"","once":false,"onceDelay":0.1,"topic":"","payload":"","payloadType":"date","x":280,"y":1440,"wires":[["d897a08e9dc373d3"]]},{"id":"d897a08e9dc373d3","type":"function","z":"997da33a0beedade","name":"function 4","func":"msg.payload = new Date().toLocaleTimeString()\nreturn msg;","outputs":1,"timeout":0,"noerr":0,"initialize":"","finalize":"","libs":[],"x":430,"y":1440,"wires":[["361963660cc785f2"]]},{"id":"361963660cc785f2","type":"debug","z":"997da33a0beedade","name":"debug 2473","active":true,"tosidebar":true,"console":false,"tostatus":false,"complete":"false","statusVal":"","statusType":"auto","x":590,"y":1440,"wires":[]}]