What version of node-red were you using?
What OS version did you install on the new image and what version did you previously use?
There have been changes in the pi software and the node hasn’t been updated in 4 years. It may be that the node will not work with the new PI release.
You can open an issue on GitHub and see if the author will respond.
Both the old image that worked and the new one are both the current major release of Raspberry Pi os. The big difference is Node-RED v3 on the existing image and Node-RED v4 on the new image. I suspect this is what broke things.
It is unfortunate if node-red-contrib-bme680-rpi is not compatible with Node-RED v4 as it is the only node I can find that will read the Bosch BME 680 sensor. This is a pretty common sensor, I was surprised that this old node is the only one available.
Check the version of nodejs used on the two systems. That is more likely to be the issue I think. Use node -v to check, or look at the node red startup log.
Have you confirmed that your new system works if you drop the nodejs version? You can run the install script with --node18 on the end to do that. If so then I suggest submitting an issue against the node, though whether it will get addressed is another issue.
This is a very common problem with nodes that are not maintained. Eventually a change in nodejs breaks it.
I've spent all the time I have for this. I will read the sensor outside Node-RED. Maybe later I can get back to this and confirm it and report it to the author of the node.