10,000 of devices going to send data with TCP (10,000 records/second). Node RED receives with TCP listener node and convert into JSON and publish into MQTT broker.
Is this much scalable? How much resources will be required?
I feel this question is allot like big data.
"Big data is like teenage sex: everyone talks about it, nobody really knows how to do it, everyone thinks everyone else is doing it, so everyone claims they are doing it...." (Dan Ariely)
I think that a better question is ... What is this worth to you (or your organisation/enterprise)?
If your expected outcomes are to save $1m a year (or to make that much profit if selling a service). Then you probably should be looking at a sensible investment rather than just asking on an open source forum
Alternatively, if you are not going to realise much benefit (is that why you are looking to free, low-code solutions?), do you really want to consider collecting and processing that much data?
Anyone using Node-RED in a large-scale infrastructure is likely not going to say that much on a forum like this anyway. Their solutions may be considered profitable IP.
A direct answer to your question though would be - probably you can with the right architecture. But should you? That's a different question entirely.
I can say quite safely that I work with a lot of people doing genuinely big data both in the organisations I architect for as well as others. I also work on architectures that support millions of people, I think that counts as big data too I only know of 1 person who ever actually admitted to teenage sex though!